Post by cruororism on Oct 10, 2003 14:06:58 GMT
The murder of Sarah Payne, in July 2000, sparked one of the most high-profile police enquiries in recent years that lasted over a year.
And after 17 months of painstaking forensic work - and a trial lasting more than three weeks - Roy Whiting was found guilty of the murder and kidnapping of Sarah Payne as the result of evidence consisting of fibres and a single hair.
Eight-year-old Sarah went missing on July 1st 2000 while visiting her grandparents in Kingston Gorse in Sussex. A massive search began under close media scrutiny and Sussex Police asked for help from the Forensic Science Service (FSS).
It wasn't long before a local man on the sex offenders' register became a suspect for the police, but they still had no evidence. They brought the suspect in for questioning, his van was seized, and exhibits were sent for forensic examination. Sarah's decomposing body was found on July 17th.
Following a targeted approach, the FSS made the first breakthrough in December, when a link was made from fibres on Sarah's shoe to Roy Whiting's red sweatshirt. Further work was able to provide more d**ning evidence; this included fibres from items in Whiting's van, fibres in Sarah's hair at the grave site, and DNA tests proving that a hair found on the red sweatshirt was, in fact, Sarah's.
A total of more than 500 items were submitted for forensic analysis, and over 20 forensic experts were employed during the inquiry in the fields of entomology, pathology, geology, archaeology, environmental profiling and oil/lubricant analysis. The investigation involved a thousand personnel and cost more than £2 million.
The evidence
The forensic evidence examined in Operation Maple rested on a combination of DNA and fibres work. When Sarah's body was found 17 days after she disappeared, she had no wounds from an assault and her body was badly decomposed making identification difficult. A full DNA profile was obtained from her muscle and matched to a full profile obtained from a milk tooth saved by Sarah's mother.
The van
Shortly after Sarah had disappeared her brother Lee noticed a white transit van passing along the lane. Roy Whiting had bought a white Fiat Ducato van a week before Sarah disappeared, and when police seized it, they removed all the contents which included a red sweatshirt, a pair of socks, a checked shirt, a clown-patterned curtain and a petrol receipt showing that Whiting had been only a few miles from where Sarah's body was found.
They also found that plywood panelling installed by the previous owner in the back had been removed and the rear doors changed. The fact that the passenger and driver's seat were made of different fabrics also turned out to be significant.
The shoe
The only piece of Sarah's clothing to be found was a black shoe with a Velcro strap which had trapped 350 fibres. Evidence that it was Sarah's shoe came from blue polyester and cotton fibres found on it that matched her school sweatshirt. All the fibres were picked off one by one under a low-power microscope with a pair of fine forceps and retained under sellotape.
Later when a scientist was looking at the tapings from the red sweatshirt and the clown curtain, she realised that the constituent sweatshirt fibres were unusually dark red and that they shed very readily. She then examined the fibres that had been picked off the Velcro of the shoe and saw four dark red fibres. After mounting a sample from the sweatshirt and comparing them under a high-power microscope, they were found to match and this was the first tangible evidence to link Sarah to the van.
After finding these matching fibres all the fair hairs from the curtain and the sweatshirt were sent for DNA testing in January last year. From 40 hairs found only one gave a result - a full profile matching Sarah.
The sweatshirt
A red sweatshirt was found on the front seat of Whiting's van. The garment was taped for fibres and hairs and screened for body fluids (blood, semen and saliva). The tapings taken from the sweatshirt were examined for blue fibres of the type that it was speculated Sarah's missing dress was made of. All the fair hairs from the tapings were prepared for DNA. The collar and cuffs were also tested and gave a full profile matching Whiting.
The clown curtain
This was also found on the front seat of the van. An appeal was made on Crimewatch for other sources of this clown material. It was fairly unusual as it had been manufactured in four colours - but there were only 1,500 metres in this particular colour that had been used by Boots the Chemist as curtains for branches that had baby changing rooms. Although there were other samples of clown-patterned material, none of them matched. The fibres were teased out to mount on slides. A single multi-coloured cotton fibre on the shoe was found to match the clown curtain.
The hair
Two balls of Sarah's hair were retrieved from the burial site. A number of fibres were retrieved from them and from the body bag. From one of them, fibres were found matching the red sweatshirt and a pair of Whiting's socks. In the second clump there were fibres matching the sweatshirt, socks, and one fibre from the passenger seat of the van. One sock fibre and one from the driver's seat of the van were also found in the body bag.
Extraneous links
During the fibres examinations a number of different blue polyester cotton fibres were found on several items. Although a source was never found to give a 'control' fibre, it's thought they may have come from Sarah's dress. Sarah's friend had the same dress that Sarah was wearing the day she went missing, but in green.
Examination of fibres from the green dress showed similarities to the blue polyester cotton fibres. A total of 25 patchy blue polyester fibres were found on Sarah's silver jacket - known to have been worn over the missing dress - and these matched nine fibres found on the red sweatshirt. Similar fibres were found in one of the hair masses, the body bag and in the pocket of Whiting's jeans. Three textured blue polyester fibres were found on the sweatshirt, matching a similar number in Sarah's hair. A few examples of a third fibre type, light blue polyesters, were also found on both the sweatshirt and the hair.
Between December 2000 and November the following year an FSS team carried out 461 microspectrophotometry tests, 23 infrared spectroscopy tests and 128 thin layer chromatography tests.
Contamination
During the trial the defence barrister tried to discredit the forensic evidence in a number of ways. She claimed:
The sweatshirt had been contaminated during its first examination. Two hairbrushes taken from the Payne family home had been sent to the lab. A Sussex Police scenes of crime officer had put them in a tube and then in a bag on the floor. Although the seal was intact, some of the orange adhesive was exposed and human and animal hairs from the Payne's carpet were found stuck to it.
During cross-examination the defence argued that as a result of this, a 23cm hair belonging to Sarah had first transferred onto the bag containing the sweatshirt and then onto the sweatshirt itself when it was taken out of the bag for the first examination.
But this examination had been completed before the hairbrushes were taken out of the exhibits store and no orange adhesive was found in Sarah's hair when tested. While giving evidence in court an FSS scientist told the jury it was unlikely that contamination had occurred in the manner suggested.
Doing work on exhibits from both the victim and the suspect provided opportunities for cross-contamination - even though normal rigorous procedures were followed and examinations relating to victim and suspect were carried out on different floors of the lab.
The fibres evidence wasn't important. The defence argued there were few fibres and that the tests aren't as discriminating as DNA tests. Our scientist pointed out that although each fibre type on its own may not be rare, taken together the combination of fibres could provide extremely strong evidence, in the same way that 20 common alleles combined to give a very rare DNA profile.
The summing up
In December 2001 Roy Whiting was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. Trial judge Mr Justice Richard Curtis said it was a rare case when he would recommend that a life sentence should mean life.
